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The protocol can be established by the norms, expectations, and advertised virtues of each method or by the government’s officially adopted execution guidelines. In his book, he defines a botched execution as follows: Botched executions occur when there is a breakdown in, or departure from, the “protocol” for a particular method of execution. Lethal injection had the highest rate of botched executions. Sarat reports that over those 120 years, 8,776 people were executed and 276 of those executions (3.15%) went wrong in some way. In the 2014 book, Gruesome Spectacles: Botched Executions and America’s Death Penalty, Austin Sarat, a professor of jurisprudence and political science at Amherst College, describes the history of flawed executions in the U.S. executions in the period from 1890 to 2010 were botched.
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